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| Stadler, B: Wedged between bottom-up and top-down processes: aphids on tansy, Ecological Entomology, 29, 106-116 (2004) | |
Abstract:
1. Many species of aphids exploit a single host plant species and have to cope with changing environmental conditions. They often vary greatly in abundance even when feeding on the same host. In a field experiment, the bottom-up (plant quality/patch type frequency) and top-down (ant attendance/predation) effects on the abundance of four species of aphids feeding on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) were tested using a full factorial design. In addition, a model was used to examine these patch characteristics for their relative effects on the population dynamics and abundance of different aphid species.
2. Aphid numbers changed significantly depending on the quality of the host plant and the presence/absence of attending ants. The obligate myrmecophile, Metopeurum fuscoviride, was abundant on high quality plants, while on poor quality plants or on plants without attending ants these aphids did not survive until the end of the experiment. The facultative myrmecophiles, Aphis fabae and Brachycaudus cardui, and the unattended aphid species, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, all reached similar peak population densities, but M. tanacetaria did best in poor quality patches.
3. Natural enemies reduced aphid numbers, but those species feeding on high quality plants survived longer than those on poor quality plants, which existed only for a short period of time, especially when associated with ants. Losses due to migration of winged morphs and mortality caused by parasitoids were insignificant.
4. Varying the frequency of different patch types in a model indicates that different degrees of associations with ants are favoured in different environments. If the proportion of high quality patches in a habitat is large, obligate myrmecophiles do best. On increasing the number of poor quality patches unattended species become more abundant.
5. The results suggest that, in spite of large species specific differences in growth rates, degree of myrmecophily or life cycle features, the temporal and spatial variability in top-down and bottom-up forces differentially affects aphid species and allows the simultaneous exploitation of a shared host plant species.
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