аЯрЁБс > ўџ I K ўџџџ H џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС #` №П / bjbj5G5G .B W- W- ' џџ џџ џџ Є М М М М М М М а X
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@ @ @ в С С С С а а а Ф Ф а а а а а а М М М М М М џџџџ Seminar: Resilience of Ecosystems & Sustainability of Ecosystem Use
(Anke Jentsch & Michael Hauhs)
Before considering change (as part of global change), we will look from different perspectives at the notion of permanence. What attributes and aspects of systems are interesting, if they remain permanent? What about systems which could change, but dont?
Is it the environment that lacks potential causes for change?
Is it the system itself, which counteracts, buffers, prevents change by internal processes?
Is it a human management, which counteracts or prevents change by active intervention?
Answers to these questions depend on the distinction between system and environment, the placement of a boundary. This placement is inevitably part of the model of the system and its environment. In the case of global change it includes the self-model(s) of (a global) human civilisation.
To provide an example: imagine a perspective where the climate is viewed as an environment of human civilisation, typical for views from inside this civilisation. Then changes in such an environment may appear as surprising. However, if one views the earth from outer space (prominently the Apollo 8 picture back from the moon at earth rise), the atmosphere appears as part of a rapidly changing human civilisation and its changes come no longer as a surprise.
The best studied systems for which permanence and change can formally be described are physical, especially mechanical systems (including those of quantum mechanics). The theory of dynamic systems has been transferred to other systems, most prominently economy and ecology.
We will look at notions of change and permanence from a predominately natural science perspective (this make it part of Block A in the GCE curriculum), i.e. introduction and applications of dynamic system theory. Links to the social sciences will repeatedly appear. We have invited and are happy that our colleague Detlef Mќller-Mahn (Social Geography) will participate in this Seminar.
General topics for student assignments are:
What is stability and change in physical (dynamic) systems? The goal for the lectures under this heading is to exemplify physical notions for continuous systems. These notions are: state, trajectories, attractor, determinism and chance, chaotic system) ( ADDIN EN.CITE Jetschke1989278527856Jetschke, Gottfried Mathematik der Selbstorganisation1989Frankfurt/MVerlag Harri DeutschISBN 978-3-8171-1282-1Flake1998279227926Flake, G.W.The Computational Beauty of Nature: Computer Explorations of Fractals, Chaos, Complex Systems and Adaptation1998Cambridge, Mass.MIT Press(Flake 1998; Jetschke 1989)) Applications:
Is the solar system stabile? (historical case)
Is the North Atlantic ocean current stabile? (Ramstorf)
Stability in lakes
What are the notions of permanence and stability in computing systems? The goal under this heading is to exemplify notions for discrete systems. (notions of state and transitions in discrete systems, persistence, memory and interaction, information) ADDIN EN.CITE Hopcroft2001276127616Hopcroft, John E.Ullmann, Jeffrey D.Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation5212ndAutomatonTuring Machine Model2001AmsterdamAddison-Wesley Longman978-0201441246(Hopcroft and Ullmann 2001)
How to store and transmit information ) What is information, what is noise?
Chaos and stability in discrete systems (Cellular automata) ADDIN EN.CITE Flake1998279227926Flake, G.W.The Computational Beauty of Nature: Computer Explorations of Fractals, Chaos, Complex Systems and Adaptation1998Cambridge, Mass.MIT Press(Flake 1998)
What are notions of permanence and stability in ecological systems? ADDIN EN.CITE Grimm199776876817Grimm, VolkerWissel, ChristianBabel, or the ecological stability discussions: An inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusionOecologia323-334109Resiliencestabilityecology1997Grimm2005188118816Grimm, VolkerRailsbeck, S.F.Individual-based Modeling and Ecology2005PrincetonPrinceton University Press(Grimm and Railsbeck 2005; Grimm and Wissel 1997)
Hawaii soil development ADDIN EN.CITE Chadwick1999676717Chadwick, O.A.Derry, L.A.Vitousek, P.M.Huebert, B.J.Hedin, L.O.Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem developmentNatureNatureNatureNature491-4973971999(Chadwick et al. 1999) (Vormerkung Friedrich Angermќller)A
Bistabile ecosystems ADDIN EN.CITE Scheffer200135035017Scheffer, M.Carpenter, S.Foley, J.A.Folke, C.Walker, B.Catastrophic shifts in ecosystemsNatureNatureNatureNature591-596413attractor, ecosystems, nature conservation2001(Scheffer et al. 2001)
Stability in African Savannah Gras-Forest competition ADDIN EN.CITE Jeltsch F.20001998199817Jeltsch F.,Weber G.E., Grimm, V.Ecological buffering mechanisms in savannas: a unifying theory of long-term tree-grass coexistencePlant Ecology161-1711502000(Jeltsch F. et al. 2000)
Mosaic cycle theory in beech forest (Remmert)
(What is sustainability and change in human land use systems?)
Literature:
ADDIN EN.REFLIST Chadwick, O.A., Derry, L.A., Vitousek, P.M., Huebert, B.J. and Hedin, L.O. (1999): Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature 397, 491-497.
Flake, G.W. (1998): The Computational Beauty of Nature: Computer Explorations of Fractals, Chaos, Complex Systems and Adaptation. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Grimm, V. and Railsbeck, S.F. (2005): Individual-based Modeling and Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Grimm, V. and Wissel, C. (1997): Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: An inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion. Oecologia 109, 323-334.
Hopcroft, J.E. and Ullmann, J.D. (2001): Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation. Addison-Wesley Longman, Amsterdam.
Jeltsch F., Weber G.E. and Grimm, V. (2000): Ecological buffering mechanisms in savannas: a unifying theory of long-term tree-grass coexistence. Plant Ecology 150, 161-171.
Jetschke, G. (1989): Mathematik der Selbstorganisation. Verlag Harri Deutsch, Frankfurt/M.
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J.A., Folke, C. and Walker, B. (2001): Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413, 591-596.
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