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TZUNTIL:20041031T010000Z
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DTSTART:20021027T030000
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DTSTAMP:20261007T125145Z
DESCRIPTION:Still fifty years ago natural zeolites mainly from vugs and fis
 sures of volcanic rocks were considered a rare curiosity of nature. About 
 100 years ago chemists recognized that these minerals with a tetrahedral f
 ramework structure\, characterized by internal porous space in form of cav
 ities and connecting channels\, can be used for ion exchange\, molecular s
 ieving\, and catalytic reactions. Thus in the 1950s the chemical industry 
 became engaged in the synthesis of these minerals. The industry aimed for 
 chabazite but the synthesis failed and instead the most important syntheti
 c zeolite LTA (Linde Type A) was produced. Simultaneously\, geologists dis
 covered huge deposits of natural zeolites mainly in altered volcanic tuffs
 . Whole mountain ranges on all continents consist of clinoptilolite\, phil
 lipsite\, chabazite\, and analcime with zeolite concentrations above 60%. 
 Since this discovery there is a continuous competition between the pure bu
 t expensive synthetic products and the \'dirty\' but inexpensive natural z
 eolites. About 3.6 Mio tons of natural zeolites are annually produced. In 
 contrast\, 1.3 Mio tons of synthetic zeolites are annually consumed for de
 tergents\, catalysts\, desiccation\, and separation. Main applications for
  natural zeolites are as cat litter\, soil conditioner\, animal feed addit
 ion\, ion exchanger for industrial-\, agricultural-\, and municipal- waste
 water treatment\, absorber of Sr and Cs radioisotopes in the nuclear indus
 try and for clean up of nuclear accidents (Chernobyl)\, and soil replaceme
 nt (ZEOPONICS) in horticulture. Even veterinary and medical applications a
 re under investigation. ENTEREX is an anti-diarrheic drug for humans devel
 oped natural zeolites. In general\, products from each natural zeolite dep
 osit have a different favorable application depending on structure and che
 mistry of the zeolite. A sodian zeolite is not good for potable water prod
 uction or horticultural applications but excellent for ammonia\, Cs\, Sr\,
  Pb\, Cd exchange in wastewater. A potassian zeolite is favorable for soil
  amendment whereas a calcian zeolite is excellent for animal feed addition
 . The mechanical properties are of special interest for cat litter applica
 tions. Not only the benefits of the porous structure are used. Natural zeo
 lites from altered volcanic tuffs are fine crystalline (about 1 mm) - also
  responsible for their late discovery - and thus possess a large external 
 surface of high activity. In modern applications such zeolites are surface
  treated (SMZ: Surface Modified Zeolite) with organic molecules (e.g. HDTM
 A) used for retention of harmful anions\, cations\, and non-polar organics
  such as PCE\'s and benzene in polluted industrial areas. \n\nThe lecture 
 gives a short introduction into the formation of zeolite deposits\, explai
 ns the structural principles of zeolites\, and discusses the role of struc
 ture and chemistry for the various applications.    \n
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20021128T161500
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20021128T235959
LOCATION:H6
SUMMARY:Prof. Thomas Armbruster\, University of Bern\, Switzerland: Natural
  Zeolites: From Structure to Applications
TRANSP:TRANSPARENT
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