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Concentrations and deposition of particulate and gaseous sulfur and nitrogen in the Fichtelgebirge

BITÖK-S 1

From 01/1995 to 12/1997

Principal Investigator: Reiner Eiden (1932-2018)
Staff: Jörg Gerchau, Otto Klemm, Klaus Peters
Grant: 0339476 B Vorhersage und Erklärung des Verhaltens und der Belastbarkeit von Ökosystemen unter veränderten Umweltbedingungen

Atmospheric input of sulfur and nitrogen may have significant effects on terrestrial ecosystems. They occur in various oxidation stages in the atmosphere, exhibiting highly variable reactivities and transport properties. Further, the Fichtelgebirge mountains are of highly heterogeneous topography and complex flow dynamics and therefore they are difficult to study from a micrometeorological point of view. Thus, the quantification of the input of S or N into a forest over a given time period (e.g., one year) is a highly demanding task requiring enormeous resources. We present results from the "Waldstein" research site of the BITÖK in the Fichtelgebirge mountains, NE Bavaria. Besides meteorology, we measured the atmospheric mixing ratios of SO2, NOx, O3, and NH3. Gaseous ammonia typically shows a diurnal pattern with nightly minimums. These patterns most likely have their origin in the diurnal pattern of the relative air humidity, leading to significant shifts within the equilibrium between gaseous ammonia and particulate ammonium ions, respectively. During the days with higher NH3 concentrations, the deposition velocity is also higher due to atmospheric turbulence. This leads to pronounced diurnal patterns where deposition fluxes exhibit maximums during the early afternoon hours. Due to the high accomodation coefficient of NH3 on the plant surfaces and its high water solubility, the estimated dry deposition flux of NH3 is approximately as high as the deposition flux of NOx, although the atmospheric mixing ratios of the latter are, on average, 6 times higher. In addition, reduced nitrogen is deposited in the form of particulate ammonium ions (NH4+). However, the relative roles of stomatal uptake and cuticular adsorption in the deposition of NH3 remain unclear. Laboratory experiments with labelled 15N indicate that stomatal uptake dominates over adsorption, whereas the inferential model, which was parameterized with literature data and measured leaf wetness, indicates that adsorption on leaf surfaces is at least 3 times more effective than stomatal uptake. This apparent disagreement opens ground for further investigations in this field. Nevertheless, there seems to be no doubt that atmospheric input of NH3 is an important factor in the nitrogen balance of central European spruce forests .(final report 1998)

List of publications of this Project

Klemm, O; Ziomas, IC: Urban Emissions Measured with Aircraft, Journal of the Air Management Association, 48, 16-25 (1998)

Burkhardt, J; Drechsel, P: The synergism between SO2 oxidation and manganse leaching on spruce needles - a chamber experiment , Environmental Pollution, 95, 1-11 (1997)

Faust, E: Die Modellierung atmosphärischer Stickstoff-Deposition in einen Koniferenbestand in Bayreuther Institut für Terrestrische Ökosystemforschung (BITÖK): Bayreuther Forum Ökologie, Selbstverlag, 45, 1-113 (1997) -- Details

Faust, E; Peters, K: The NIDEHET Procedure for Modelling Heterogeneous Reactions of Nitrogen Compounds Influencing Dry Deposition of Coniferous Forests in Borell,PM; Borell,P; Cvitas,T; Kelly,K and Seiler,W (eds.): Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium 96, Southampton: Computational Mechanics Publications, 385-390 (1996)

Bruckner, G; Peters, K; Schulze, ED; Eiden, R: Concentrations and d15N values of gaseous NH3 and particulate NH4+ indicating different emission sources in Borell,PM; Borell,P; Cvitas,T; Kelly,K and Seiler,W (eds.): Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium 96, Southampton: Computational Mechanics Publications, 137-142 (1996)

Bruckner-Schatt, G: Deposition und oberirdische Aufnahme von gas- und partikelförmigem Stickstoff aus verschiedenen Emissionsquellen in ein Fichtenökosystem in Bayreuther Institut für Terrestrische Ökosystemforschung (BITÖK): Bayreuther Forum Ökologie, Selbstverlag, 29, 1-211 (1996) -- Details

Klemm, O: Five years of aircraft measurements of air pollution in an industrialized region in eastern Germany, Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 5, 221-223 (1996)

Peters, K; Bruckner-Schatt, G: The dry deposition of gaseous and particulate nitrogen compounds to a spruce stand, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 2217-2222 (1995)

Peters, K: Bestimmung der trockenen Deposition von atmosphärischen Spurenstoffen auf Bestandes- und Einzugsgebietsebene in Ostendorf,B: Räumlich differenzierte Modellierung von Ökosystemen. Bayreuther Forum Ökologie, BITÖK, Bayreuth, 13, 75-79 (1995)

Burkhardt, J: Microscopic processes governing the deposition of trace gases and particles to vegetation surfaces in Heij,GJ and Erisman,JW (eds.): Acid Rain Research - Do we have enough answers?, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 139-148 (1995)

Peters, K; Bruckner-Schatt, G: The atmospheric input of inorganic nitrogen and sulphur by dry deposition of aerosol particles to a spruce stand in Heij,GJ and Erisman,JW (eds.): Acid Rain Research - Do we have enough answers?, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 149-160 (1995)

Burkhardt, J: Hygroscopic salts on the leaf surface as a possible cause of forest decline symptoms, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 1245-1250 (1995)

Peters, K: Methoden zur Bestimmung der trockenen Deposition auf Pflanzenoberflächen, Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung - Zeitschrift für Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie, 7, 337-352 (1995)

Burkhardt, J; Peters, K; Crossley, A: The presence of structural surface waxes on coniferous needles effects the pattern of dry deposition of fine particles, J. Experimental Botany, 46, 823-831 (1995)

Burkhardt, J; Eiden, R: Thin water films on coniferous needles, Atmospheric Environment, 28, 2001-2011 (1994)

Burkhardt, J: Dünne Wasserfilme auf Fichtennadeln und ihr Einfluß auf den Stoffaustausch zwischen Atmosphäre und Pflanze in Bayreuther Institut für Terrestrische Ökosystemforschung (BITÖK): Bayreuther Forum Ökologie, Selbstverlag, 9, 1-135 (1994)