We are living in an era in which anthropogenic intervention and global change are causing shifts in thestructure and function of ecosystems and landscapes, thereby modifying regional land surface exchange processes. A further result is that food production systems and food security are threatened. Studies were carried out to better understand how high yield production can be achieved with optimal N and water use in rice agro-ecosystems. These studies will shed light on how to best work toward sustainable development and livelihoods.